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These ambitions formed a second set of reasons why the United States became involved in Vietnam.Īs presidents committed the United States to conflict bit by bit, many of these ambitions were forgotten. aid, the French could concentrate on economic recovery at home, and could hope ultimately to recall their Indochina officer corps to oversee the rearmament of West Germany, a Cold War measure deemed essential by the Americans. involvement in Vietnam reassured the British, who linked their postwar recovery to the revival of the rubber and tin industries in their colony of Malaya, one of Vietnam's neighbors.
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Free world dominion over the region would provide markets for Japan, rebuilding with American help after the Pacific War. Truman also hoped that assisting the French in Vietnam would help to shore up the developed, non‐Communist nations, whose fates were in surprising ways tied to the preservation of Vietnam and, given the domino theory, all of Southeast Asia. That was one reason for Truman's 1950 decision to give aid to the French who were fighting the Vietminh. In 1949, when the Communist Party came to power in China, Washington feared that Vietnam would become the next Asian domino. policymakers expected contiguous nations to fall to communism, too, as if nations were dominoes lined up on end. Americans compared communism to a contagious disease. Communists scorned democracy, violated human rights, pursued military aggression, and created closed state economies that barely traded with capitalist countries. policymakers, and most Americans, regarded communism as the antithesis of all they held dear. Primarily, every American president regarded the enemy in Vietnam-the Vietminh its 1960s successor, the National Liberation Front (NLF) and the government of North Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh-as agents of global communism.
The United States became involved in the war for a number of reasons, and these evolved and shifted over time. The multiple starting dates for the war complicate efforts to describe the causes of U.S. Legal declaration or no, the United States was now at war. aircraft, of targets north of the 17th parallel, and on 8 March dispatched 3,500 Marines to South Vietnam. Then, in February and March 1965, Johnson authorized the sustained bombing, by U.S. In August 1964, he secured from Congress a functional (not actual) declaration of war: the Tonkin Gulf Resolution. Johnson, committed the United States most fully to the war. military advisers in South Vietnam, and more than 100 Americans had been killed. When Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963, there were more than 16,000 U.S.
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Kennedy rounded another turning point in early 1961, when he secretly sent 400 Special Operations Forces–trained (Green Beret) soldiers to teach the South Vietnamese how to fight what was called counterinsurgency war against Communist guerrillas in South Vietnam. Eisenhower undertook instead to build a nation from the spurious political entity that was South Vietnam by fabricating a government there, taking over control from the French, dispatching military advisers to train a South Vietnamese army, and unleashing the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA) to conduct psychological warfare against the North. The administration of President Dwight D. The United States refused to accept the arrangement. When the Vietnamese Nationalist (and Communist‐led) Vietminh army defeated French forces at Dienbienphu in 1954, the French were compelled to accede to the creation of a Communist Vietnam north of the 17th parallel while leaving a non‐Communist entity south of that line. In May 1950, President Harry S Truman authorized a modest program of economic and military aid to the French, who were fighting to retain control of their Indochina colony, including Laos and Cambodia as well as Vietnam.
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The United States entered that war incrementally, in a series of steps between 19. But there was no fixed beginning for the U.S. Vietnam War (1960–75): Causes Most American wars have obvious starting points or precipitating causes: the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775, the capture of Fort Sumter in 1861, the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, and the North Korean invasion of South Korea in June 1950, for example. Vietnam War (1960–1975) CausesMilitary and Diplomatic CourseDomestic CoursePostwar ImpactChanging Interpretations
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